1. Le concept d’innéisme et le destin de la psychologie évolutionniste
Luc Faucher (faucher.luc@uqam.ca) Département de philosophie, UQÀM, Centre des neurosciences de la cognition, UQÀM.
2. Les fondements théoriques de l’apprentissage implicite.
Mathieu Couture (couma2@hotmail.com) Doctorat type Recherche et Intervention Université Laval, École de Psychologie, Groupe de Recherche en Psychologie Cognitive (GRPC), Laboratoire de Sébastien Tremblay.
Plusieurs disciplines tentent d’expliquer les mécanismes à la base de l’apprentissage chez l’être humain : la biologie, la neurobiologie, la psychologie cognitive, etc. Ces approches possèdent chacune une valeur explicative non-négligeable qui leur est spécifique. Par contre, la compréhension des processus cognitifs complexes, tels l’apprentissage et la mémoire, nécessite la conjonction de plusieurs paradigmes. Les présents travaux portent sur l’apprentissage involontaire d’informations chez l’être humain, forme d’apprentissage communément appelée “Apprentissage Implicite” (AI). Ce type de connaissance semble présenter des caractéristiques qualitativement différentes à celles de l’apprentissage explicite et pourrait s’avérer la structure mnésique faisant le pont entre les différentes espèces animales. Ainsi, l’AI pourrait constituer une source d’informations importante concernant le fonctionnement des processus cognitifs fondamentaux. Bien que les travaux soient prioritairement basés sur un paradigme expérimental de la psychologie cognitive (l’Effet de Hebb ; voir Hebb, 1961), il est proposé que l’explication de l’AI n’est possible que par le biais d’une combinaison de différents paradigmes théoriques empruntés de diverses disciplines, de la théorie de l’évolution à l’imagerie cérébrale, en passant par la psychologie cognitive. Cette approche pourrait résoudre plusieurs des problèmes résultant de la centration sur un seul modèle théorique.
3. Automaticity and attention factors in Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) task performance
Eugene Borokhovski (eborokhovski@education.concordia.ca) Ph.D. candidate Psychology Department, Concordia University, Montreal “Language and Cognition” Laboratory of Professor Norman Segalowitz & Center for Study Learning and Performance (CSLP)
The Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) task is widely used as a predictor of reading skill development. Wolf and Bowers' (1993, 1999, 2000) double-deficit hypothesis holds that the factor of naming speed, as measured by the RAN task, is independent of phonological awareness, another strong reliable predictor of reading acquisition. However, the nature of the cognitive processes underlying RAN task performance and their connection to reading remains open. The standard view is that RAN measures automaticity in recognizing the meaning of visual symbols relevant to reading. An alternative possibility is that RAN measures an attention capacity. This study addresses the question about the extent to which automaticity and attention underlie RAN task performance in adults. Two features of automaticity were examined: ballistic processing, as measured in a primed decision experimental paradigm (Neely, 1977), and efficiency of processing, as measured in terms of intra-individual variability of reaction time (Segalowitz & Segalowitz, 1993). Attention was measured using the Trail Making index of attention (Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory, 1944). RAN task performance and measures of silent reading speed and accuracy in participants’ first and second languages were also obtained. Hierarchical multiple regression (N=46) revealed a highly significant contribution of attention to RAN performance, especially to its non-linguistic subtasks, while the contribution of the ballistic feature of automaticity was just marginally significant. Together, all predictors explained 36 % of the variability in RAN performance. Implications for further research are discussed.
4. Theoretical Framework of Cognition and Technology in Practice: How Digital Portfolios are perceived in Classroom Assessment
Vicky I-Pei Tung (i-pei.tung@mail.mcgill.ca)* & Robert
J. Bracewell** *, ** Applied Cognitive Science Research Group, McGill University, Canada
A major goal of applying cognitive science theories in education is to understand and promote effective instruction and learning. The present study is theoretically grounded in three domains: the cognitive, the social and the cultural-historical. These domains are interdependent and cannot be reduced one to another. The cognitive domain is nested in the social domain which in turn is nested in the cultural-historical domain.
Given the diverse ways in which digital portfolios enhance the processes of teaching and learning, they can be seen as tools or artifacts that mediate these processes. In the socio-cultural literature the term artifact is often preferred to the term tool when describing the mediators of cultural activities, because artifact connotes additional elements of creativity while tool sounds somewhat mechanical (Vygotsky, 1978; Luria & Leont'ev, 1981). The digitization of learning portfolios provides an interesting example of how learning processes can change when the mediating tool changes. Digital technologies can support the distribution of tasks and resources among groups of learners and can provide a context within which learners can work together to carry out their tasks. (Koschmann, Kelson, Feltovich, and Barrows, 1996)) For instance, in constructing digital portfolios, groups of learners can use hypertext connections to distribute tasks among themselves and to work together to construct portfolios in which each expresses their point of view within a common project (Dysthe, 1996 & 2002). |